xi Preface I would also like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to the Rockefeller Foundation, which made it possible for me to travel extensively and devote myself exclusively to this work for three years, and to the Muslim University, Aligarh, which sponsored the research. For the revised paperback edition I acknowledge assistance given by Satindra Singh of The Economic Times and Rajinder Singh Bhatia, Editor of Qaumi Ekta. KHuSHWANT SINGH Editor Illustrated Weekly of India, Bombay