Lehal Library

CHAP. I THE COUNTRY AND PEOPLE 5 Turkhana', or Turk money, into their language as the equivalent of tribute. In the valley of the Upper Indus, that is, in Ladakh "^^ Tartar, '^'*'^*and Little Tibet, the prevailing caste is the Bhoti sub- °* division of the great Tartar variety of the human race. Lower down that classical stream, or in Gilgit and ^^ Chulass, the remains of the old- and secluded races of Dardu"!^ Dardus and Dungars are still to be found, but both in Iskardo and in Gilgit itself, there is some mixture of Turkomans °"^*Turkoman tribes from the wilds of Pamer and Kash- °* kar. The people of Kashmir have from time to time been The Kashmixed with races from the north, the south, and the "^"^'^ west; and while their language is Hindu and their faith Muhammadan, the manners of the primitive Kash or Katch tribes, have been influenced by their proximity to the Tartars. The hills westward from Kashmir to the and their Indus are inhabited by Kukas and Bambas, of whom western little is known, but towards the river itself the Yusuf- ^^Jj zais and other Afghan tribes prevail; while there are many secluded valleys peopled by the widely spread g^^^^gg^ Gujars, whose history has yet to be ascertained, and who oujars. '&c. are the vassals of Arabian 'saiyids', or of Afghan and Turkoman lords. In the hills south of Kashmir, and west of the Jhe- The Gak- lum to Attock and Kalabagh on the Indus, are found ^^^ ^^ Ja»3"a»Gakhars, Gujars, Khattars, Awans, Janjuas, and others, ^^ all of whom may be considered to have from time to time merged into the Hindu stock in language and feelings. Of these, some, as the Janjuas and especially the Gakhars, have a local reputation. Peshawar and the hills which surround it, are peopled by variuus races' of Afghans, as Yusufzais and Mohmands in the north The Yiisufand west, Khalils and others in the centre, and Afridis, ^^^ Khattaks, and others in the south and east. The hills Afridis, &c. south of Kohat, and the districts of Tank and Bannu, are likewise peopled by genuine Afghans, as the pastoral Waziris and others, or by agricultural tribes claiming waziris. such a descent; and, indeed, throughout the mountains and other on either side of the Indus, every valley has its separate Afghans, tribe or family, always opposed in interest, and sometimes differing in speech and manners. Generally it may be observed, that on the north, tVie Afghans on one side, and the Turkomans on the other, are gradually pressing upon the old but less energetic Dardus, who have been already mentioned. In the districts on either side of the Indus south of Baiuchis, Kalabagh, and likewise around Multan, the population is partly Baluch and partly Jat, intermixed, however, ^^*^