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glossary of proper names visconti, Bernabò (1323–85) Ruled Milan together with two brothers from 1354 to 1385. Imprisoned and killed by his nephew Gian Galeazzo Visconti. visconti, filippo (1392–1447) Duke of Milan (1412–47). Filippo was a cruel and paranoid manipulator who rebuilt the Duchy of Milan with the services of mercenary leaders such as Carmagnola and Francesco Sforza. To keep Sforza loyal, he promised him his only child and heir, Bianca Maria, in marriage, then made him wait many years for the wedding. vitelli, niccolò (1414–86) Military commander in constant battle with papal forces for the control of Città di Castello, a town near Perugia, in Umbria. Forced out of the town by Sixtus IV in 1475, he received support from the Medici after the failed Pazzi conspiracy in which the pope had been involved. On recovering the town, he destroyed the fortresses that Sixtus had built in his absence. vitelli, paulo (1461–99) Son of Niccolò Vitelli. A mercenary commander who led the Florentine army in its siege of Pisa in 1498. Having breached the walls, Paulo behaved with inexplic- able caution, failing to push home his advantage, as a result of which he was suspected of treachery, arrested and executed. vitelli, the Noble family of mercenary commanders who con- trolled the town of Città di Castello, near Perugia in Umbria, for most of the fifteenth century. vitellozzo Vitellozzo Vitelli (c.1458–1502). Son of Niccolò and brother of Paulo, Vitellozzo was serving Florence with Paulo when the latter was arrested and executed for treachery. Vitel- lozzo escaped and served Cesare Borgia. Together with the Orsini faction, he conspired against Borgia and was among the conspira- tors killed in Senigallia in 1502. xenophon (431–354 bc) An Athenian and friend of Socrates, Xenophon was opposed to democracy and spent much of his life in Sparta. He joined a group of 10,000 mercenaries who served Cyrus during his campaign against Artaxerxes in Asia Minor in 401. After Cyrus was killed, Xenophon was one of the generals who led the mercenaries on their 1,000-mile retreat home (fewer than 6,000 survived). He wrote about the campaign in Anabasis, one of his many books.