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CHAPTER IV THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SIKH INDEPENDENCE 1716—64
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Decline of the Mughal Empire Gradual reappearance of the Sikhs The Sikhs coerced by Mir Mannu, and persecuted by Taimur the son of Ahmad Shah The Army of the 'Khalsa' and the State of the 'Khalsa' proclaimed to be substantive Powers Adina Beg Khan and the Marathas under Raghuba Ahmad Shah's incursions and victories The provinces of Sirhind and Lahore possessed in sovereignty by the Sikhs The political organization of the Sikhs as a feudal confederacy The Order of Akalis.
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1716-38.
The Mughal empire rapidly declines.
Nadir Shah, the Marathas, &c.
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AuRANGZEB WHS the last of the race of Taimur who possessed a genius for command, and in governing a large empire of incoherent parts and conflicting principles, his weak successors had to lean upon the doubtful loyalty of selfish and jealous ministers, and to prolong a nominal rule by opposing insurrectionary subjects to rebellious dependents. Within a generation Muhammadan adventurers had established separate dominations in Bengal, Lucknow, and Hyderabad; the Maratha Peshwa had startled the Muslims of India by suddenly appearing in arms before the imperial city,^ and the stern usurping Nadir had scornfully hailed the long descended Muhammad Shah as a brother Turk in the heart of his blood-stained capital.- The Afghan colonists of Rohilkhand and the Hindu Jats of Bharatpur had raised themselves to importance as substantive powers,^ and when the Persian conqueror departed •
1 This was in a. d. 1737, when Baji Rao, the Peshwa, made (See Elphinstone, an incursion from Agra towards Delhi. History, ii. 609, and Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, i.
533, 534.) 2 See Nadir Shah's letter to his son, relating his successful invasion of -India. (Asiatic Researches, x. 545, 546.)
A
3 valuable account of the Rohillas may be found in Forster's Travels (i. 115, &c.), and the public is indebted to the 'Oriental Translation Committee of London for the memoirs of Hafiz Rahmat Khan, one of the most eminent of their leaders.
The Jats of Bhartpur and Dholpur, and of Hathras and other minor places, deserve a separate history.
CHAPTER IV THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SIKH INDEPENDENCE 1716—64
—
Decline of the Mughal Empire Gradual reappearance of the Sikhs The Sikhs coerced by Mir Mannu, and persecuted by Taimur the son of Ahmad Shah The Army of the 'Khalsa' and the State of the 'Khalsa' proclaimed to be substantive Powers Adina Beg Khan and the Marathas under Raghuba Ahmad Shah's incursions and victories The provinces of Sirhind and Lahore possessed in sovereignty by the Sikhs The political organization of the Sikhs as a feudal confederacy The Order of Akalis.
—
—
—
—
—
1716-38.
The Mughal empire rapidly declines.
Nadir Shah, the Marathas, &c.
—
AuRANGZEB WHS the last of the race of Taimur who possessed a genius for command, and in governing a large empire of incoherent parts and conflicting principles, his weak successors had to lean upon the doubtful loyalty of selfish and jealous ministers, and to prolong a nominal rule by opposing insurrectionary subjects to rebellious dependents. Within a generation Muhammadan adventurers had established separate dominations in Bengal, Lucknow, and Hyderabad; the Maratha Peshwa had startled the Muslims of India by suddenly appearing in arms before the imperial city,^ and the stern usurping Nadir had scornfully hailed the long descended Muhammad Shah as a brother Turk in the heart of his blood-stained capital.- The Afghan colonists of Rohilkhand and the Hindu Jats of Bharatpur had raised themselves to importance as substantive powers,^ and when the Persian conqueror departed •
1 This was in a. d. 1737, when Baji Rao, the Peshwa, made (See Elphinstone, an incursion from Agra towards Delhi. History, ii. 609, and Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, i.
533, 534.) 2 See Nadir Shah's letter to his son, relating his successful invasion of -India. (Asiatic Researches, x. 545, 546.)
A
3 valuable account of the Rohillas may be found in Forster's Travels (i. 115, &c.), and the public is indebted to the 'Oriental Translation Committee of London for the memoirs of Hafiz Rahmat Khan, one of the most eminent of their leaders.
The Jats of Bhartpur and Dholpur, and of Hathras and other minor places, deserve a separate history.
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